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Reference
List
General
Fly Ash Characterization
Fly Ash In Concrete: General
Fly Ash in Concrete: Durability
Issues
Permeability
Alkali Silica Reaction
Sulfate Resistance
Salt Scaling
Thermal
Fly Ash In Prestressed/Precast
Concrete
Concrete Products
Ultra Fine Fly Ash
High Volume Fly Ash
Self Compacting Concrete
Air Entrainment
Beneficiation
Fly Ash in Controlled Low Strength
Material
Functional Filler
General
Berry, E. E., and Malhotra,
V. M. 1980, "Fly Ash for Use in Concrete - A Critical Review,"
ACI Journal, V. 77, No.2,
Mar-Apr. pp. 59-73.
Helmuth, Richard, 1987. SP-40,
Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete, Portland Cement
Association, 196 pp.
Idorn, G. M., and Henriksen,
K. R., 1984, "State of the Art for Fly Ash Uses in Concrete,"
Cement and Concrete Research,
V. 14, No. 4, Jul., pp.463-470.
Idorn, G. M., 1984, "Concrete
Energy and Durability," Concrete International: Design &
Construction, V. 6, No.
2, Feb., pp. 13-20.
Malhotra, V. M., 1986, "Role
of Supplementary Cementing Materials in Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions,"
Supplementary Cementing Materials for Concrete,
CANMET, Ottawa, Ontario, Canadian
Government Publishing Center, MTL Division
Report MTL 98-03 (OP&J),
Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, 17 pp.
Mehta, P. K., 1983, "Pozzolanic
Cementitious By-Products as Mineral Admixtures for
Concrete - A Critical Review,"
Fly Ash, Silica fume, Slag and Other Mineral
by-Products in Concrete,
ACI SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich.,
pp. 1-46.
Mehta, P. K., and Burrows,
R., 2001, "Building Durable Structures in the 21st Century,"Concrete
International; Design and Construction,
V. 23, No. 3, pp. 57-63.
Mehta, P. K., 1999 "Concrete
Technology for Sustainable Development," Concrete International:
Design and Construction,
V. 21, No. 11, pp. 47-53.
Back to Top
Fly Ash
Characterization
Berry, e. E., Hemmings, R.
T., Langley, W. S., Carette, G. C., 1989, "Beneficiated Fly Ash:
Hydration, Microstructure, and
Strength Development in Portland Cement Systems,"
Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag,
and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete,
Trodheim, Norway, V. SP, 114, pp. 241-273.
Diamond, S., 1981, "The
Characterization of fly Ashes," Proceedings, Symposium on Effects
of Fly Ash In-corporation in
Cement and Concrete Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh,
Nov., pp. 12-23.
Hemmings, R. T., and Berry,
E. E., 1988, "On the Glass in Coal Fly Ashes: Recent Advances,"
Materials Research Society
Symposium Proceedings, V. 113, pp. 3-38.
Hill, Russell, and Daugherty,
Kenneth, "Interaction of Calcium Nitrate and a Class C Fly Ash
During Hydration, Cement
and Concrete Research, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 1996,
pp. 1131-1143.
Hooton, R. D., and Rodgers,
C. A., 1995, "Determination of Slag and Fly Ash Content in
Hardened Concrete," Cement,
Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 17, No. 1, June, pp. 55-60.
McCarthy, G. J., Johansen,
D. M., Steinwand, S. J., and Thedchanamoorthy, A., 1988, "X-Ray
Diffraction Analysis of Fly
Ash," Advances in X-ray Analysis, V. 31.
Mings, M. L., Schlorholtz,
S. M., Pitt, J. M., and Demierel, T., 1983, "Characterization of
Fly Ash
by X-ray Analysis Methods,"
Transportation Research Record No. 941,
Transportation Research Board,
pp. 5-11.
Roy, D. M.; Luke, K.; and Diamond,
S., 1984, "Characterization of Fly Ash and Its Reactions in
Concrete," Proceedings,
Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh.
Thomas, M. D. A, Shehata, M.
H., and Shashiprakash, S. G., 1999, "The Use of Fly Ash in
Concrete: Classification by
Composition," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 21,
No. 2, pp.105-110.
Back to Top
Fly
Ash In Concrete:General
Amoudi, O. S. B.; Maslehudden,
M. and Asi, I. M., "Performance and Correlation of the
Properties of Fly Ash Cement
Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 18, No. 2,
Dec. 1996, pp. 71-77.
Belot, J. R. Jr., 1967, "Fly
Ash in Concrete and Concrete Block Manufacturing," Proceedings,
1st
Fly Ash Utilization Symposium
(Pittsburgh, Mar), Information Circular No. 8348, U. S.
Bureau of Mines, Washington
D.C.
Cook, J. E., 1981, "A
Ready-Mixed Concrete Company's Experience with Class C Fly Ash,"
NRMCA Publication No. 163, National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring,
Apr. pp. 1-11.
Cook, J. E., 1982, "Research
and Application of High Strength Concrete using Class C Fly Ash,"
Concrete International: Design
& Construction, V. 4, No. 7, July, pp. 72-80.
Gebler, S. H., and Klieger,
P., 1986 "Effect of Fly Ash on Physical Properties of Concrete,"
Second International Conference
on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, and Other Mineral
By-Products in Concrete,
April, V. 1, pp. 1-50.
Halstead, W.J., 1986, "Use
of Fly Ash in Concrete," Transportation Research Board, Research
Program No. 127, 32 pp.
Hyland, E. J., 1970, "Practical
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete," Construction Specifier, V. 23,
No. 2,
Mar., pp. 39-42.
Mather, B., 1965, "Compressive
Strength Development of 193 Concrete Mixtures During 10
Years of Moist Curing,"
Miscellaneous Paper No. 6-123, Report 12 (NTIS AD756 324),
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Popovics, S., 1991, A Model
for Estimation of the Contribution of Fly Ash to Concrete Strength
in Blended Cements in Construction,
R. N. Swamy, ed., Elsevier Applied Science, London
and New York, pp 263-277.
Popovics, S., 1986, "What
Do We Know About the Contribution of Fly Ash to the Strength of
Concrete," Proceedings
of Second International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume,
Slag, and Natural Pozzolans
in Concrete, ACI SP 91-14, American Concrete Institute,
Detroit, Mich., pp 313-331.
Samarin, A.; Munn, R. L., and
Ashby, J. B., 1983, "The Use of Fly Ash in Concrete--Australian
Experience," Fly Ash,
Silica fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete,
ACI SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp.
143-172.
Shashiprakash, S. G., Nagaraj,
T. S., Ravira, S., and Yenagi, B. V., 1994, "Proportioning of Fly
Ash Cement Concrete Mixtures,"
Cement, Concrete, an Aggregates, V. 16, No. 2,
pp. 104-109.
Back To Top
Fly Ash in Concrete: Durability
Issues
Permeability
Dhir, R.K., and Byars, E.A.
"PFA Concrete: Chloride Diffusion Rates," Magazine of Concrete
Research, V. 45, No. 162, 1993, pp.1-9.
Kawamura, M., and Torri, K.
1989, "Chloride Permeability of Concrete Containing a Fly Ash and
a Blast Furnace Slag,"
MRS Symposium, V. 137, Materials Research
Society, Pittsburgh,
Penn., pp. 411-418.
Li, S., and Roy, D.M. 1986,
"Investigations of Relations Between Porosity, Pore Structure and
Cl- Diffusion of
Fly Ash and Blended Cement Pastes," Cement and Concrete Research,
V. 16, No. 5, pp. 749-759.
Manmohan, D., and Mehta, P.
K., 1981, "Influence of Pozzolanic, Slag, and Chemical Admixtures
on Pore Size Distribution and
Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes," Cement,
Concrete, and Aggregates,
V. 3, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
Page, C.L.; Short, N.R.; and
El Tarras, A., 1981, "Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Hardened Cement
Pastes," Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 11, No. 3, pp. 395-406.
Thomas, M.D.A., Shehata, M.H.,
Shashiprakash, S.G., Hopkins, D.S., and Cail, K., 1999, "Use of
Ternary Cementitious Systems
Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Concrete," Cement
and Concrete Research, V.
29, pp. 1207-1214.
Thomas, M.D.A., and Bamforth,
P.B., 1999, "Modelling Chloride Diffusion in Concrete: Effect of
Fly Ash and Slag," Cement
and Concrete Research, V. 29, pp. 487-495.
Back to Top
Alkali
Silica Reaction
Alasali, M. M. and Malhotra,
V. M. 1991, "Role of Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Fly
Ash
in Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction," ACI
Materials Journal,
V. 88, No. 2, pp. 159-163.
Be'rube', M. A., Duchense,
J., and Chouinard, D. 1995, "Why the Accelerated Mortar Bar Method
ASTM C 1260 is Reliable for Evaluating the
effectiveness of Supplementary
Cementing
Materials in Suppressing Expansion Due to
Alkali-Silica Reactivity,"
Cement, Concrete and
Aggregates, V. 17, No. 1, June, pp. 26-34.
CANMET, 1997, "High-Volume
Fly Ash Concrete Using Canadian Fly Ashes, Phase II:
Effectiveness of
High-Volume of Fly Ash in Concrete to Control Alkali-Silica Reactions,"
CEA Project, No. 9017 G 804, Report Prepared
by CANMET (Principal
Investigators: B.
Fournier, A. Bilodeau, and V.M. Malhotra) for the Canadian
Electrical Association, Oct.,
84 pp.
Fournier, B., and Malhotra,
V. M., 1999, "Laboratory Test Methods for Alkali-Silica Reactivity,"
Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates,
V. 21, No. 2, Dec., pp. 173-184.
Hill, Russell, Obla, Karthik,
"Alkali-Silica Reaction Mitigation: State of the Art and
Recommendations,"
(Discussion), ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 100, No. 4, July-August
2003,
p. 342.
Lane, S. D., and Ozyildirum,
H. E., 1999, "Evaluation of the Effect of Portland Cement Alkali
Content, Fly Ash, Ground Slag,
and Silica Fume on Alkali-Silica Reactivity," Cement,
Concrete,
and Aggregates, V. 21, No. 2, Dec. pp. 126-140.
Lane, D. S., 1999, "Comparison
of Results from C 441 and C 1293 with Implications for
Establishing Criteria
for ASR-Resistant Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates,
V. 21, No. 2, Dec., pp. 149-156.
Snow, Peter G., 1991, "Effect
of Fly Ash on Alkali-Silica Reactivity in Concrete," Transportation
Research Record 1301, Factors
Affecting Properties and Performance of Pavements and
Bridges, pp. 149-154.
Thomas, M. D., and Innis, F.
A., 1999, "Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test for Evaluating
the
Efficiency of Mineral Admixtures
for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction,"
Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates,
V. 21, No. 2, pp. 157-164.
Thomas, M.D.A, Hooton R.D.,
and Rogers, C.A., 1997, "Prevention of Damage Due to
Alkali-Aggregate
Reaction (AAR) in Concrete Construction - Canadian Approach," V.
19,
No. 1, pp. 26-30.
Thomas, M.D.A., Shehata, M.H.,
Shashiprakash, S.G.; Hopkins, D.S., and Cail, K., 1999, "Use of
Ternary Cementitious Systems
Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Concrete," Cement
and Concrete Research, V. 29, pp. 1207-1214.
Thomas Michael, Baxter, Stephen,
and Stokes, David, Hill, Russell, Ph.D., "The Combined Use
of Fly Ash and Lithium Nitrate
for Controlling Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction."
ICAR 2001.
Back to Top
Sulfate
Resistance
Dikeou, J. T., 1975, "Fly
Ash Increases Resistance of Concrete to Sulfate Attack," Research
Report No. 23, U.S. Bureau
of Reclamation, Denver, Colo., 17 pp.
Dunstan, E. R., Jr., 1980,
"A Possible Method for Identifying Fly Ashes That Will Improve the
Sulfate Resistance of Concretes,"
Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 2, No. 1,
Summer, pp. 20-30.
Mather, K., 1982, "Current
Research in Sulfate Resistance at the Waterways Experiment
Station,"
George Verbeck Symposium on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete, ACI
SP-77,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 63-74.
Mehta, P.K., 1986, "Effect
of Fly Ash Composition on Sulfate Resistance of Cement," ACI
Journal,
V. 83, No. 6, pp. 994-1000.
Pierce, J. S., 1982, "Use
of Fly Ash in Combating Sulfate Attack in Concrete," Proceedings,
6th
International Ash Utilization Symposium, Reno, Nev., V. 2, pp.
208-231.
Tikalsky, P. J.; Carrasquillo,
R. L., and Snow P.G., 1992, "Sulfate Resistance of Concrete
Containing
Fly Ash," G. M. Idorn International Symposium on Durability of
Concrete, ACI
SP-131, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich.,
pp 255-265.
Tikalsky, P. J., and Carrasquillo,
R. L., 1993, "Fly Ash Evaluation and Selection for Use in
Sulfate
Resistant Concrete," ACI Materials Journal, V. 90, No. 6,
pp. 545-551.
Tishmack, J. K., Olek, J.,
and Diamond, S., 1999, "Characterization of High-Calcium Fly Ashes
and their Potential Influence
on Ettringite Formation in Cementitious Systems," Cement,
Concrete, and Aggregate,
V. 21, No. 1, pp. 82-92.
Back to Top
Salt
Scaling
Bilodeau, A.; Zhang, M.H.;
Malhotra, V.M.; and Golden, D.M., 1998, "Effect of Curing Methods
and Conditions on the Performance
of Fly Ash Concrete in De-Icing Salt Scaling," Sixth
CANMET/ACI/JCI Conference: Fly
Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Natural Pozzolans in Concrete,
American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Mich., pp. 361-384.
Back to Top
Thermal
Ma, W., Sample, D., Martin,
R., and Brown, P. W., 1994, "Calorimetric Study of Cement Blends
Containing Fly Ash, Silica Fume,
and Slag at Elevated Temperatures," Cement, Concrete,
and Aggregates,
V. 16, No. 2, pp. 93-99.
Sivasundaram, V., 1986, "Thermal
Crack Control of Mass Concrete," MSL Division Report MSL
86-93 (IR), Energy Mines and
Resources Canada, Ottawa, 32 pp.
Back to Top
Fly
Ash in Prestressed/Precast Concrete
Dhir, R.K.; Munday, J.G.L.;
and Ho, N.Y.; 1988, "PFA in Structural Precast Concrete: Engineering
Properties," Cement
and Concrete Research, V. 18, pp. 852-862.
Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W.,
1990, "High Early Strength Fly Ash Concrete for
Precast/Prestressed Products,"
PCI Journal, Nov.-Dec., pp. 72-78.
Prusinski, J. R.; Fouad, F.
H.; and Donovan, M. J., 1993, "Plant Performance of High Strength
Prestressed Concrete Made with
Class C Fly Ash," Proceedings of Tenth International Ash
Use Symposium, EPRI Document
TR-101774, Paper 41, 15 pp.
Back to Top
Concrete
Products
Cain, C. J., 1979, "Fly
Ash in Concrete Pipe," Concrete Pipe News, V. 31, No. 6, Dec.
pp. 114-116.
Back to Top
Ultra
Fine Fly Ash
Ferraris, C., Obla, K.H., and
Hill R. L., 2001, "The Influence of Mineral Admixtures on the
Rheology of Cement Paste and
Concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 2,
Feb. 2001, pp. 245-255.
Hassan, K.E., and Cabrera,
J.G. 1998, "The Use of Classified Fly Ash to Produce High
Performance Concrete" Sixth
CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica
Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans
in Concrete, Bangkok, Thailand, ACI SP-178,
American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., pp. 21-36.
Kruger, R. A., Sedat, E. Y.,
and Kijekema, L. P., 2001, "A Super Fine Pozzolanic Class F Fly Ash
for Superior Concrete,"
Proceedings: 14th International Symposium
on Management and
Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCP's), San Antonio,
Tex., Vol. 1, paper 37-1.
Obla, K. H.; Hill, R., Thomas, M..D.A., and Hooton, R. D., 2001, "Ultra-Fine
Fly Ash - A Premium
Material to Achieve High Performance Concrete,"
Proceedings: 14th International
Symposium on Management and Use of
Coal Combustion Products (CCP's),
San Antonio, Tex., V. 1, pp. 35-1.
Obla, K.H, Hill, R., Cunningham,
R., Thomas, M.D.A., Balaguru, P.N., and Cook, J., "High
Strength
High Performance Concrete Containing Ultra Fine Fly Ash," Seventh
CANMET/ACI International Conference on
Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and
Natural
Pozzolans in Concrete, July 22-27, 2001, Chennai, India, 227-241.
Obla, K.H., Hill, R. L., Thomas,
M.D.A., and Hooton, R.D., 2000, "Durability of Concrete
Containing
Fine Pozzolan" PCI/FHWA/FIB International Symposium on High Performance
Concrete, Orlando, FL, Sept. 25-27, page 125-135.
Obla, K. H., Hill, R. L., Thomas,
M. D. A., Shashiprakash, S. G., and Perebatova, O. "Properties
of
Concrete Containing Ultra-Fine Fly Ash," ACI Materials Journal,
Vol. 100, No. 5,
September-October 2003, pp. 426-434.
Obla, K.H, Hill, R., Thomas,
M.D.A., and Hooton, R.D., "Properties of Concrete Containing Ultra
Fine Fly Ash," Fifth
CANMET/ACI/International Conference on Durability of Concrete,
Barcelona, Spain, June 4-9,
2000.
Back to Top
High
Volume Fly Ash
Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V.
M., and Seabrook, P. T., 2001, "Use of High-Volume fly Ash Concrete
at the Liu Centre," International
Centre for Sustainable Development
of Cement and
Concrete (ICON) Materials Technology Laboratory, CANMET,
Natural Resources, Canada.
Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V.M.;
and Golden, D. M., 2000, "High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete System:
The
Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development," ACI Conference
on Concrete
Durability, Barcelona, Spain, June.
Bilodeau, A.; Sivasundaram,
V., Painter, K.E., and Malhotra, V.M. 1994, "Durability of Concrete
Incorporating High Volumes of Fly Ash
from Sources in the U.S.,"
ACI Materials Journal,
V. 91, No.1, pp. 3-12.
Bouzoubaâ, N.; Zhang,
M.H.; Bilodeau, A.; and Malhotra, V.M., 1997, "Laboratory-Produced
High-Volume Fly Ash Cement: Physical
Properties and Compressive Strength
of Mortars,"
MTL Division Report 97-03 (OP&J), Natural
Resources Canada, Ottawa, 17 pp.
Hill, Russell, Obla, Karthik,
"HVFA Concrete - An Industry Perspective," Concrete International,
Vol. 25, No. 8, August 2003.
Naik, T. R, Ramme, B. W., and
Tews, J. H., 1994, "Use of High Volumes of Class C and Class F
Fly
Ash in Concrete," Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates V. 16,
No. 1, pp. 12-20.
Obla, K.H., Hill, R., and Darnell,
D., "Residential Concrete Containing Higher Amounts of Fly
Ash" to The Fourth International
Symposium on Sustainable Development and Concrete
Technology, Organized by
CANMET/ACI/NRC, San Francisco, September 2001.
Rangan, B.V., and Patnaik,
A. K., 1998, "High-Performance High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete,"
Proceedings of the International
Conference on High Performance High
Strength
Concrete, Perth, Australia, pp. 97-122.
Sivasundraram, V. Carette,
G. G. and Malhotra, V. M., 1989, "Properties of Langley, W. S.
Carette,
G. G. and Malhotra, V. M. 1989, "Structural concrete Incorporating
High Volumes of
ASTM Class Fl Fly Ash," ACI Materials Journal,
V. 86, No. 5, pp. 507-514.
Sivasundaram, V., Carette,
G.G., and Malhotra, V.M., 1989, "Properties of Concrete
Incorporating Low Quantity of
Cement and High Volumes of Low-Calcium Fly Ash," Fly Ash,
Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural
Pozzolans in Concrete: Proceedings of the Third International
Conference, V. 1, American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 45-71.
Back to Top
Self Compacting
Concrete
Bouzoubaa, N., Lachemi, M.,
20001, "Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of
Class
F Fly Ash Preliminary Results," Cement and Concrete Research,
V. 31, No. 3, March
2001, pp. 413-420.
Khayat, K.H., 1999, "Workability,
Testing and Performance of Self-Consolidating Concrete,"
ACI Materials
Journal, V.96, No. 3.
Khayat, K. H., Loveric, D.,
Obla, K., and Hill, R., 2002, "Stability Optimization and Performance
of Self-Consolidating Concrete
Made with Fly Ash," First North American Conference on the
Design and Use of Self-Consolidating
Concrete, November 2002, pp. 215-224.
Back to Top
Air Entrainment
Freeman, E. Gao, Y.-M., Hurt,
R., and Suuberg, E., 1997, "Interactions of Carbon-Containing Fly
Ash with Commercial Air-Entraining Admixtures
for Concrete," Fuel,
V. 76, No. 8,
pp. 761-765.
Gebler, S., and Klieger, P.,
1983, "Effect of Fly Ash on the Air-Void Stability of Concrete,"
Fly
Ash Silica Fume, Slag and Other
Mineral By-Products in Concrete,
ACI SP-79, American
Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., pp. 103-142.
Hill, Russell, Ph.D., and Majors,
Russ, "Fly Ash Loss on Ignition, and Air Entrainment in Concrete
A Subject Revisited."
EPRI Proceedings, 14 Annual International
Symposium on CCPs,
Vol. 1, January 2001, pp. 34-1, 34-19.
Hill, R.; Rathbone, R. F.;
and Majors, R. K., 1999, "Characterization of Adsorption on the Organic
and Inorganic Phases of Fly Ash by
Adsorptive Isotherms," Proceedings
1999 International
Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, Ky., Oct.
18-20., page 7.
Hill, R, Hower, J.C., Rathbone,
R. and Sarkar, S., 1997, "An Examination of Fly Ash Carbon and
Its
Interactions with Air Entraining Agent," Cement and Concrete Research,
V. 27, No. 2,
Feb. pp. 193-204.
Hill, R.; Hower, J. C.; and
Rathbone, R., 1998, "Investigation of Fly Ash Carbon by Thermal
Analysis
and Optical Microscopy," Cement and Concrete Research, V.
28, No. 10, Oct.,
pp. 193-204.
Hill, Russell, Ph.D., Majors,
Russ, K., Rathbone, Robert, F., and Hower, James C., "A Study of
the Carbonaceous Components of Some
Fly Ashes Used Commercially in Concrete,"
Book
of Abstracts (BOSTON) 216th ACS National Meeting Boston, MA.
August 23-27, 1998
Part 1, page titled: Fuel, No. 057.
Hill, Russell, L., Rathbone,
Robert, F., and Hower, James, C., "An Investigation of Carbon in
Fly
Ash and its Interactions with Air
Entraining Agent," Proceedings
of the 1997 International
Ash Utilization Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky,
October 20-22, 1997.
Hill, Russell, Sarkar, Shondeep,
and Hower, J. C. , "A Physico-Chemical Analysis Of The
Carbonaceous
Material In Class F Fly Ash," Proceedings: Twelfth International
Symposium
on Management and use of Coal Combustion Byproducts (CCB'S),
Vol. 3, 1997, p. 23-1.
Meininger, R. C., 1981, "Use
of Fly Ash in Air-Entrained Concrete-Report of Recent
NSGA-NRMCA Research Laboratory
Studies," National Ready Mixed Concrete
Association, Silver Spring,
Md., Feb., 32 pp.
Back to Top
Beneficiation
Bittner, J. D., and Gasiorowski,
1999, "Five Years of Commercial Fly Beneficiation by
Separation Technologies,
Inc.," 1999 International Ash Utilization Symposium, Oct.
18-20,
1999, pp. 554-560.
Brendel, G. F., Rathbone, R.
F., and Frey, R. N., 2001, "Effects of Ammonia Adsorption of Fly
Ash Due to Installation of NOx Reduction Technologies," Proceedings
of 14th International
Symposium on Management and Use of Coal Combustion
Products, V. 1, pp. 5-13.
Cochran, J. W., and Boyd, T.
J., 1993, "Beneficiation of Fly Ash by Carbon Burnout,"
Proceedings
of the Tenth International Ash Use Symposium, EPRI TR 101774, V. 2,
Paper 73.
Groppo, J., 2001, "The
Recovery of High Quality Fuel From Ponded Utility Coal Combustion
Ash,"
ACAA Fourteenth International Symposium on Coal Combustion Products,
San Antonio, Tex., V. 1, pp.14-1.
Majors, R.; Hill, R.; McMurry,
R., and Thomas, S., 1999, "A Study of the Impact of Ammonia
Injection on Marketable Fly
Ash Including Quality Control Procedures," Proceedings, 1999
Conference on Selective Catalytic
and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx Control, (FETC),
May 20-21, pp. 11-13.
Back to Top
Fly Ash
in Controlled Low Strength Material
ACI Committee 229, Controlled
Low-Strength Materials (CLSM), 1999.
Asaska, W., 1994, Controlled
Low-Strength Materials, ACI SP-150, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington
Hills, Mich., 10 pp.
Larsen, R.L., 1988, "Use
of Controlled Low-Strength Materials in Iowa," Concrete International:
Design and Construction, V.10, No. 7, pp. 22-23.
Obla, K.H., Hill, R., and Riggs,
G., "Quality Control of Excavatable CLSM With and Without High
Air Entrainment," Presented
in the Session on Advances in Controlled Low Strength
Materials in the ACI Convention,
Chicago, IL, March 1999.
Back to Top
Functional
Filler
Hill, Russell, Ph.D., and McBay,
Aron, "Fly Ash in Plastics-An Extender or Functional Filler?"
EPRI Proceedings, 14 Annual International
Symposium on CCPs, Vol.
2, January 2001,
pp. 61-1, 61-11.
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